Umkhwa wophuhliso lwezithuthi zanamhlanje ezisebenza emoyeni

Imbali yophuhliso kunye nemeko yangoku yoshishino lweenqwelo moya ezisebenza emoyeni

1. Ushishino lweqonga lomoya wamazwe ngamazwe lwaqala ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1950, xa ubukhulu becala lwalulinganisa iimveliso ezazisakuba yiSoviet Union.Ukusukela ekupheleni koo-1970 ukuya phakathi koo-1980, ishishini lilonke laququzelela uyilo oludibeneyo olumbini.Umenzi ngamnye wesithuthi esisebenza emoyeni wazisa ubuchwephesha obuphambili bangaphandle.Umzekelo, iBeijing Aerial Operating Vehicle Plant yazisa ubuchwephesha beMitsubishi 15t yaseJapan iMitsubishi 15t yokuvutha kwangaphakathi kwesithuthi esisebenza emoyeni esilungelelanisiweyo.I-Dalian High-altitude Operating Vehicle General Factory yazisa itekhnoloji yeMitsubishi 1040t yaseJapan yokutsha yangaphakathi echasene nenqwelomoya esebenza emoyeni kunye nesikhongozeli senqwelomoya esebenza emoyeni yetekhnoloji, iTianjin Aerial Operating Vehicle General Factory yazisa iBulgarian Balkan Vehicle Company 1.256.3t yemoto yangaphakathi yokutsha kwemoto yaseJamani kunye neVerile yaseJamani iHangzhou Factory yaseJamani yazisa i-Opeery ye-Angzhou yaseJamani i-Hangzhou inkampani hydrostatic drive emoyeni isithuthi isithuthi, off-road isithuthi sasemoyeni kunye nombane umsebenzi wasemoyeni ubuchwepheshe, Hefei iplanti yasemoyeni umsebenzi, Baoji inkampani yasemoyeni umsebenzi wazisa Japanese TCM Corporation 110t emoyeni umsebenzi ubuchwepheshe, Hunan emoyeni umsebenzi inkampani Yazisa ukuvutha kwangaphakathi-ubungqina isixhobo ubuchwepheshe ye British Pleban Machinery Company.Ukususela kwiminyaka yoo-1990, amanye amashishini angundoqo ebeqokelela kwaye ephucula iimveliso zawo ngokusekelwe ekusetyeni nasekufutheni ubugcisa obuvela kumazwe angaphandle.Ke ngoko, inqanaba lobugcisa langoku lezithuthi zasemoyeni ezenziwe ekhaya alilingani.Phakathi kwabo, ngenxa yokunyanzeliswa kweteknoloji esisiseko sokubuyela umva, inqanaba elipheleleyo leemoto zokusebenza zombane zombane zihluke kakhulu kwinqanaba eliphezulu lehlabathi.Kuseyimfuneko ukungenisa kumazwe angaphandle phantse i-200 yezigidi zeedola zase-US zeemoto zokusebenza ezisemoyeni minyaka le.Ingaba izithuthi zase-China ezisebenza emoyeni zinokukhuphisana kwimarike yamazwe ngamazwe kwaye zihlale zingenakoyiswa kukhuphiswano kunye nabadlali abanamandla behlabathi kuya kuxhomekeka ekuphuculweni kwenqanaba lobugcisa elipheleleyo leemoto zokusebenza zasemoyeni, ngakumbi uphuhliso olukhawulezayo lwezithuthi zombane ezisebenza emoyeni.

2 Uhlalutyo lwemarike yasekhaya neyangaphandle

Kuqikelelwa ukuba kukho malunga nama-250 abenzi bezithuthi eziphakamileyo eziphezulu emhlabeni, kunye nomthamo wemveliso yonyaka malunga neeyunithi ze-500,000.Ngenxa yokhuphiswano olumandla, xa kuthelekiswa noo-1980, ishishini leemoto ezihamba emoyeni kwihlabathi libonise into engaqhelekanga yokwanda kweentengiso kunye nokuncipha kwengeniso.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuze kuncitshiswe iindleko, iinqwelo-mafutha ezisebenza kwindawo ephezulu ziye zakha iifektri kuphuhliso.Ngokomzekelo, i-China iye yakha i-Xiamen Linde, i-Anhui TCM Beijing Halla, i-Hunan Destar, i-Yantai Daewoo Ishishini elinzima, kunye ne-Shanghai Hyster.Ezi nkampani zeza neemveliso kunye nobugcisa obuphambili behlabathi phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-1990 kweli lizwe, nto leyo eyakhuthaza uphuhliso olukhawulezayo lobuchwepheshe bezithuthi zelizwe ezisebenza emoyeni, kwaye yabangela impembelelo enkulu kwimarike yasekhaya.Kwelinye icala, ngophuhliso loqoqosho lwemarike, ubume kunye nendima yeteknoloji yezothutho kuphuhliso lwezoqoqosho iye yacaca ngakumbi nangakumbi, kwaye izinga lokungena kwezithuthi ezisebenza emoyeni liye laba phezulu nangaphezulu.Ingene kumacandelo ahlukeneyo oqoqosho lwesizwe isuka kwisikhululo sezibuko esinye kwixesha elidlulileyo.ishishini.Uluhlu lwangoku lwezithuthi zokusebenza zasemoyeni kwilizwe lam malunga neeyunithi ezingama-180,000, kwaye eyona mfuno inokwenzeka yonyaka imalunga neeyunithi ezingama-100,000, ngelixa inani lokuthengisa lonyaka limalunga neeyunithi ezingama-30,000 kuphela.Kuyabonakala ukuba imarike yezithuthi zasemoyeni zaseTshayina inkulu

Ngokuqonda okunzulu kwabantu ngeengozi zokungcoliseka kwendalo, ukukhuselwa kwendalo kuye kwaba yingqwalasela eqhelekileyo kwihlabathi.Ke ngoko, iimoto zasemoyeni ezihambelana nokusingqongileyo ziya kuba yeyona nto iphambili kwimarike;okwesibini, ukusekwa kweenkqubo zokugcina ezizenzekelayo kunye neevenkile ezinkulu zithuthuzele ingqalelo kumatshini wokuphatha wangaphakathi.Ukukhula kwemfuno kunye nophuhliso olukhawulezayo lwamaqonga ombane asebenza ngokuphezulu, amaqonga omoya ahamba phambili, amaqonga omoya ahamba ngendlela emxinwa kunye nabanye oomatshini bokugcina lolunye uphawu lwemarike yeqonga lomoya elizayo;ukongeza, ukudityaniswa koqoqosho lwehlabathi ngokuqinisekileyo kuya kubanga ulwando olukhulu kurhwebo phakathi kwamazwe nangaphakathi kumazwe ngamazwe.Ezinye iinkcukacha zibonisa ukuba umthamo wesikhongozeli wehlabathi ukhula ngesantya esimalunga nama-30% minyaka le.Ukwanda kwezorhwebo kuya kukhuthaza uphuhliso olukhawulezayo lwezixhobo zale mihla zokuphatha nokupakisha izixhobo.

3 Uphuhliso oluqhubekayo lwetekhnoloji yale mihla yesithuthi somoya

3.1 Ukulandelelana kunye nokwahluka kweemveliso

Ngokwendlela yokuhlela ye-American Industrial Vehicle Association, izithuthi ezisebenza emoyeni zahlulwe ngokweendidi ze-123456 kunye ne-77, eziziimoto ezihamba ngombane, izithuthi ezisebenza emoyeni ezimxinwa zombane, iilori zepallet zombane, kunye nokuvutha kwangaphakathi kwe-airbalanced eqinile ivili elisebenza izithuthi., Ukuvutha kwangaphakathi okuchasene ne-pneumatic tire aerial operating vehicles, iitreyila zokukhwela zombane kunye nokutshisa kwangaphakathi kunye nezithuthi ezihamba emoyeni ezingaphandle kwendlela.NgoJulayi ka-1999, iphephandaba laseMelika elithi "Imagazini yezinto eziphathekayo egama lingu-20 eSebenzayo leZithuthi eziSebenzayo, phakathi kweendidi zeNkampani eziPhezulu zeNkampani, 3, 4, 4, 3, 3, 4 kunye ne-5crown12, I-3Komatsu12, 3, 4 kunye ne-5NISS12, 4 kunye ne-5TE ye-Petroleum ye-Petroleum, i-Trieb Geeds, i-Tried-Speed ​​Speed ​​igqibele, i-Shought Services, phantse iindidi ze-110.ngelixa e-China *i-Anhui Aerial Operating Vehicle Group, inkampani enkulu yokuvelisa izithuthi ezisebenza emoyeni, ivelisa i-116t, amabakala ali-15, imodeli engama-80 yeendidi ezingaphezu kwama-400 zeenqwelo ezihamba emoyeni.Zonke iinkampani zezithuthi ezisebenza emoyeni zisebenzisa ukuhlukahluka kweentlobo zeemveliso kunye nochungechunge ukuze zilungelelanise ngokupheleleyo kwiimfuno zabasebenzisi abahlukeneyo, izinto ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza kunye neendawo ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza, kwaye ziqalise izakhiwo ezintsha kunye neemodeli ezintsha ngamaxesha ukuze zihlangabezane neemfuno zomntu ngamnye wabasebenzisi abaneentlobo ezininzi kunye neebhetshi ezincinci.

3.2 Ukwenziwa kohlaza kukhuthaza uphuhliso lobuchwepheshe bamandla ezithuthi ezikumgangatho ophezulu

Iinqwelo zokusebenza zasemoyeni zohlulwe zibe zizithuthi ezisebenza emoyeni ezivuthayo zangaphakathi kunye neenqwelo zombane ezisebenza emoyeni.Isithuthi sangaphakathi sokutshisa i-aircraft work inikwe amandla yi-injini, enamandla anamandla kunye noluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo.Ububi kukuba igesi ephumayo kunye nengxolo ingcolisa okusingqongileyo kwaye iyingozi kwimpilo yabantu.Iimfuno zokukhuselwa kwendalo zikhuthaza ukuhlaziywa kobuchwepheshe bamandla: I-TCM ihlaziywe i-3.58t i-diesel yemoto yokusebenza ye-dizeli kwiminyaka ye-1970, itshintsha i-preheating conmbustion room ukuya ngqo kwi-injection, igcina i-17% ukuya kwi-20% yamafutha;Injini yePerkins yasungula umlebe ocwebileyo ekuqaleni kweminyaka yee-1980s Phakathi kwiminyaka yee-1980, inkampani yaseJamani iDeute yavelisa i-F913G ekhethekileyo ye-diesel injini yezithuthi ezisebenza ngokuphakamileyo, ezigcina i-fuel ngama-60% kunye nokunciphisa ingxolo nge-6dB.ISweden yasungula isithuthi se-diesel-battery hybrid high-altitude yokusebenza;ngeminyaka yoo-1990, i-LPG iLow-pollution Low-high-altitude operation izithuthi ezifana ne-LPG yezithuthi zokusebenza zasemoyeni, igesi yendalo ecinezelweyo ye-CNG yeenqwelo-moya zokusebenza zasemoyeni, kunye neenqwelo-moya zomsebenzi we-propane zisemarikeni, kwaye umfutho wophuhliso wazo womelele.

Izithuthi zombane ezisebenza emoyeni zineenzuzo ezibalaseleyo ezifana noguqulo lwamandla aphezulu, akukho nto ikhutshwayo, kunye nengxolo ephantsi.Ziyisixhobo esikhethiweyo sokuphatha izinto zangaphakathi, kodwa zilinganiselwe ngamandla ebhetri, amandla aphantsi kunye nexesha elifutshane lokusebenza.Okwangoku, zombini ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe kuphucula iteknoloji yebhetri ye-asidi ngamaxesha, kwaye ngokuphucula ukucoceka kwezinto eziphathekayo, kuphuculwe kakhulu inani lokutshaja, umthamo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kombane.Ngenxa yenkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji, iimoto zokusebenza zasemoyeni zombane ngoku zigqithile kumda wokuba zingasetyenziselwa kuphela ukusebenza kweetoni ezincinci.Okwangoku, imveliso yezithuthi zombane ezisebenza emoyeni emhlabeni i-40% yexabiso lilonke leemoto zokusebenza zasemoyeni, i-10% yasekhaya ye-15%, iJamani, i-Italiya kunye nezinye i-Western Europe * i-airwork work izithuthi zombane zifikelela kwi-65%.

Kwixesha elizayo, izithuthi ezisebenza kwindawo ephezulu ziya kusebenzisa inaliti yokutsha ye-elektroniki kunye neteknoloji eqhelekileyo kaloliwe.Ukuphuhliswa kwe-injini yokukhupha i-catalysis kunye nobuchwephesha bokucoca kuya kunciphisa ngokufanelekileyo igesi enobungozi kunye nokukhutshwa kwe-particle.Izithuthi zasemoyeni ezisebenza ngamafutha ezifana ne-LPGCNG kunye nezithuthi ezisebenza emoyeni ezixubeneyo ziya kuphuhliswa ngakumbi.Ngeenzame ezidityanelweyo zeenkampani ezinkulu, ibhetri entsha ye-fuel cell iya koyisa ukungonakali kwexabiso kwaye ingene kwintengiso ngeebhetshi.Okwangoku, iingxilimbela zeemoto zehlabathi zisebenza ngokubambisana kuphando lwezithuthi zombane.Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla esithuthi sombane, ukuhanjiswa, ukulawula, ukhuseleko kunye nobunye ubuchwepheshe kwizithuthi ezisebenza emoyeni ziya kwenza utshintsho olusemgangathweni ekusebenzeni kwezithuthi zombane zombane.

3.3 Ukusetyenziswa kokonga amandla kunye nokuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe obuphezulu be-mechatronics kunye ne-hydraulics

Uphuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kobuchwephesha be-microelectronics, iteknoloji yesivamvo, kunye neteknoloji yokucwangcisa ulwazi iya kudlala indima ebaluleke ngakumbi ekuphuculeni inqanaba elipheleleyo loshishino lweenqwelo-moya, ukuqonda imisebenzi edibeneyo, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko, ulawulo, kunye ne-automation yawo wonke umatshini kunye nenkqubo.Yenza ukudityaniswa kombane kunye noomatshini, i-elektroniki kunye ne-hydraulics isondele.Uphuhliso lwexesha elizayo lwezithuthi ezisebenza emoyeni lulele kwinqanaba lesicelo sobuchwepheshe bayo be-elektroniki.

Ukuqonda ukudityaniswa kwe-mechatronics kunye ne-hydraulics kunye ne-microprocessor njengoko ingundoqo isalathiso esiphambili sokuphuhliswa kwenkqubo yokulawula isithuthi esisebenza emoyeni kwixesha elizayo, oko kukuthi, kunye ne-microprocessor njengondoqo, ulawulo luya kukhula ukusuka kulawulo lwendawo ukuya kwinethiwekhi, ukwenzela ukuba isithuthi siphela sinokugcina imeko yokusebenza kakuhle , Ukuqonda ukusebenza ngobukrelekrele kweelori ezisebenza emoyeni.Kwizithuthi zombane, isilawuli sesantya esibambekayo sokumelana nesantya siphelisiwe, kwaye i-transistor entsha ye-MOSFET isetyenziswe ngokubanzi ngenxa yesango layo elisezantsi * lokuqhuba ngoku, iimpawu ezilungileyo zolawulo oluhambelanayo, kunye nesoftware kunye nehardware yolondolozo oluzenzekelayo kunye nemisebenzi yokuzixilonga yehardware.Imincili Series kunye nabalawuli excitation eyahlukileyo iseyeyona mveliso iphambili emarikeni, kunye nolawulo AC technology isebutsheni bayo.Ngokuthotywa kweendleko zenkqubo yokulawula isantya se-AC kunye nokungabi nangqondo kobuchwepheshe obuvaliweyo be-AC motor, iqonga le-ariya le-AC motor liya kuthatha indawo yeqonga le-motor ye-DC ngenxa yamandla ayo aphezulu kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokugcinwa.Ukusetyenziswa kwe-electronic steering system kunye ne-power steering ratio inokonga amandla ngama-25%.Ngokweemeko zokusebenza kwezithuthi ezisebenza emoyeni, isantya semoto sinokulawulwa ngexesha elifanelekileyo, umlinganiselo osebenzayo wokulondoloza amandla kunye nokunciphisa ingxolo yezithuthi ezisebenza emoyeni.Ukongeza, ii-transistors ze-MOSFET zingonga amandla ngama-20% xa kuthelekiswa nolawulo lwesantya esixhathisayo.Ukukhutshwa kweziqhoboshi zokuvuselela amandla kunokonga amandla nge-5% ukuya kwi-8%.Ukusebenzisa isilawuli semoto esebenza ngoxinzelelo lwendalo kunye nokulayisha ubuchwepheshe obunokubakho bokubuyisela amandla kunokonga amandla ngama-20% kunye ne-5% ngokulandelelanayo.

3.4 Sebenzisa imithetho-siseko ye-anthropology ukulandela ubutofotofo bolawulo

Inkampani nganye yemoto esebenza emoyeni ikhulisa kwaye iphucule ujongano lomatshini womntu wesithuthi esisebenza emoyeni amaxesha ngamaxesha ukwenza ulawulo lube lula, lugcine umsebenzi, lukhawuleze kwaye luchaneke, kwaye lunike umdlalo opheleleyo ekusebenzeni komatshini womntu.Ngokomzekelo, ixhotyiswe ngezixhobo zedijithali zokujonga amehlo kunye nezixhobo ze-alamu ukuqonda ukujongwa komgca weemeko zokusebenza;ikhebhu edadayo inokushukunyiswa kwaye inyuswe ukuze irhuluneli ikwazi ukufumana uluhlu olupheleleyo lombono;ulawulo lomqheba oluphakathi luthatha indawo yolawulo lweempatho ezininzi, kwaye ulawulo lwe-elektroniki luthatha indawo yolawulo lwezandla;Kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe sebenzisa iimonitha ze-elektroniki kunye neziboniso zobude njengobumbeko olusemgangathweni lweenqwelo-moya zokusebenza zasemoyeni eziphakamileyo.

3.5 Uyilo lwemodeli yoshishino

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iinkampani ezinkulu ziye zazisa iimodeli ezintsha ezinembonakalo yamehlo, ebonisa indlela yophuhliso lweelori ezisebenza emoyeni njengeemoto.Ukulungelelaniswa, utshintsho olukhulu lwe-arc kunye nombala oqaqambileyo kunye nolungelelwaniso oluhambelanayo.Ngophuhliso lwetekhnoloji yekhompyuter, uyilo lweprototype ebonakalayo, umfuziselo oqinileyo onamacala amathathu, umboniso okhawulezayo kunye nezinye iindlela zoyilo oluphuhlileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kobuchwephesha bokuvelisa obuphambili, umfuziselo wezithuthi zomsebenzi zasemoyeni ziya kuba zintsha kwaye ziphawuleke ngakumbi.

3.6 Nika ingqalelo kukhuseleko, ukuthembeka kunye nokugcinwa kokugcinwa kweenqwelo-moya ezisebenza emoyeni

Ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lomqhubi bekusoloko kuqwalaselwa okuphambili kubaqulunqi bezithuthi ezisebenza emoyeni.Ukongeza kwimilinganiselo yokhuseleko olusisiseko olufana nokupaka, ukunyathela isiqhoboshi, ukutyibilika phambili kokuzitshixa, kunye nokunciphisa umda wesantya, ixhotyiswe ngenkqubo yokubeka iliso esebenza ngokupheleleyo, inkqubo ye-braking eguquguqukayo, inkqubo yokunqanda ukuqengqeleka, kunye nokusetyenziswa kweeseti ezintathu ezizimeleyo zolawulo lwe-elektroniki, ihydraulic kunye noomatshini Inkqubo yokuqhotsa iphucula kakhulu ukhuseleko nokuthembeka kwesithuthi.Kwangaxeshanye, uphuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kobuchwephesha be-elektroniki kwenze ukuba uphando malunga nokhuseleko lwezithuthi ezisebenza emoyeni luphuhliselwe kwicala lobukrelekrele.Ngokubhekiselele ekuphuculeni ukugcinwa, ugxininiso lubekwe ekwenzeni lula ukuchithwa kunye nokudibanisa, ukuhlanganisa amacandelo, i-refueling centralized, ukuhlolwa kunye nokubeka iliso, ukufikeleleka okuphuculweyo kwamacandelo, kunye nokunciphisa izinto zokugcina.

3.7 Ukuphuhliswa kwee-container ze-aerial vehicles kunye nezipakishi zokufikelela kwii-container

Okwangoku, abavelisi abaphambili bezixhobo zokuphatha iikhonteyina kunye nezixhobo zokupakisha zigxininiswe eYurophu, njengeKalmarSMV eSweden, iBelottiCVSFantuzzi eItali, iPPM eFrance, iSISUValmet eFinland, kunye neLinde eJamani.Mnye kuphela umenzi wasekhaya weemoto zokusebenza zasemoyeni, kwaye babini kuphela abavelisi bokufikelela kwi-stacker spreaders, ikakhulu abaxhomekeke ekuthengweni ngaphandle.Iinqwelo zokusebenza zasemoyeni zesikhongozeli zisezizixhobo eziyimfuneko zokuphatha kunye nokupakisha izikhongozeli ezingenanto kuwo onke amazibuko eekhonteyina, iitheminali, kunye nezikhululo zodluliselo, kwaye inani leeleya zokupakisha liyanda.Isitaki sokufikelela kwisikhongozeli esisetyenziselwa ukuphatha nokupakisha izikhongozeli ezinzima ezingama-20 nama-40, ngenxa yokubonakala kwayo kakuhle, zinokunyuswa ngapha koololiwe beekhonteyina, zinomsebenzi wokupakisha umqolo wesibini nowesithathu wezikhongozeli, kwaye zihamba kakuhle, kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe ziya kuthatha indawo yezikhongozeli ezinzima Ilori yomsebenzi womoya.


Ixesha lokuposa: Apr-30-2018

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